1. The theory of knowledge (epistemology) – a section of philosophy which studies the nature of knowledge and his ability, attitude and knowledge of reality, revealed the truth conditions of knowledge.
In the history of philosophy there were two positions on the question of the possibility of knowing the world: cognitive-optimistic and agnostic (skeptical).
Agnosticism – the doctrine that denies the possibility of reliable knowledge of nature of material systems, laws of nature and society (D. Hume, Kant).
Epistemological perspective originates in ancient philosophy. In epistemology, philosophy of the new European time, there were two directions: rationalism and empiricism. R. Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz interpreted knowledge as primarily a logical process.
Representatives of empiricism (Bacon, D. Locke) thought that the only source of knowledge is experience, gained through experience, experiment.
For materialists, XVII-XIX centuries. were characterized by limited representation in the understanding of knowledge: the meditative, metaphysical, mechanical.
Kant believed that a person knows about the world just what is in his senses. Inner self ("the thing in itself") – a man know not given. For Hegel, the world is knowable, but the man knows when this is not the objective world in itself, as embodied in its "otherness" of the absolute idea.
Dialectical materialist epistemology based on the theory of reflection, dialectics, the theory of activity.
Knowledge – a complex contradictory process of active creative reflection of reality, which is carried out during the public practice. Practice – a purposeful object-sensuous activity of the subject to transform reality. Function of practice in knowledge: a source of knowledge, its driving force and purpose, is a criterion for checking the validity of the results of cognition.
2. Knowledge acts as a product of the interaction between subject and object of knowledge. Subjects of knowledge are human, and humanity in its historical development. Same object – this is what confronts a subject that is aimed at subject-practical and cognitive activities of the entity. The object may be not only material but also spiritual phenomena.
In the process of learning distinguish two levels: the sensual and rational. On the role and the ratio of sensible and rational in the cognitive process in the history of philosophy, there are two points of view – sensationalism and rationalism. Sensualist absolutized senses in the knowledge and experience to recognize the sole source of achievement and the criterion of truth. Rationalists believed that the universal and necessary truths can be gleaned from the very thought.
Any knowledge is a unity of two opposing sides – the sensual and rational. Perceptual knowledge is carried out through the senses in three forms: sensation, perception, and representation.
Rational knowledge most fully expressed in abstract thinking in the form of concepts, judgments, inferences, theories.
3. The purpose of knowledge, in any form – the truth. Categories of truth and error – the opposite, but inextricably linked by the process of learning.
Misconception – knowledge that is not relevant to his subject, which does not coincide with it. Delusions are diverse in its forms: scientific and unscientific, empirical and theoretical, etc. Delusion must be distinguished from falsehood.
In modern philosophy, most clearly distinguish the following concepts of truth: correspondence (correspondence), coherence and pragmatism konventsializma, Thomism, etc.
Truth – the knowledge, relevant to his subject, coinciding with it. Truth is objective in its content and subjective form. Truth is a process, not a one-time act of cognition of the object in its entirety.
To characterize the objective truth as a process applicable category of absolute and relative.
In the history of philosophy there were two positions on the question of the possibility of knowing the world: cognitive-optimistic and agnostic (skeptical).
Agnosticism – the doctrine that denies the possibility of reliable knowledge of nature of material systems, laws of nature and society (D. Hume, Kant).
Epistemological perspective originates in ancient philosophy. In epistemology, philosophy of the new European time, there were two directions: rationalism and empiricism. R. Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz interpreted knowledge as primarily a logical process.
Representatives of empiricism (Bacon, D. Locke) thought that the only source of knowledge is experience, gained through experience, experiment.
For materialists, XVII-XIX centuries. were characterized by limited representation in the understanding of knowledge: the meditative, metaphysical, mechanical.
Kant believed that a person knows about the world just what is in his senses. Inner self ("the thing in itself") – a man know not given. For Hegel, the world is knowable, but the man knows when this is not the objective world in itself, as embodied in its "otherness" of the absolute idea.
Dialectical materialist epistemology based on the theory of reflection, dialectics, the theory of activity.
Knowledge – a complex contradictory process of active creative reflection of reality, which is carried out during the public practice. Practice – a purposeful object-sensuous activity of the subject to transform reality. Function of practice in knowledge: a source of knowledge, its driving force and purpose, is a criterion for checking the validity of the results of cognition.
2. Knowledge acts as a product of the interaction between subject and object of knowledge. Subjects of knowledge are human, and humanity in its historical development. Same object – this is what confronts a subject that is aimed at subject-practical and cognitive activities of the entity. The object may be not only material but also spiritual phenomena.
In the process of learning distinguish two levels: the sensual and rational. On the role and the ratio of sensible and rational in the cognitive process in the history of philosophy, there are two points of view – sensationalism and rationalism. Sensualist absolutized senses in the knowledge and experience to recognize the sole source of achievement and the criterion of truth. Rationalists believed that the universal and necessary truths can be gleaned from the very thought.
Any knowledge is a unity of two opposing sides – the sensual and rational. Perceptual knowledge is carried out through the senses in three forms: sensation, perception, and representation.
Rational knowledge most fully expressed in abstract thinking in the form of concepts, judgments, inferences, theories.
3. The purpose of knowledge, in any form – the truth. Categories of truth and error – the opposite, but inextricably linked by the process of learning.
Misconception – knowledge that is not relevant to his subject, which does not coincide with it. Delusions are diverse in its forms: scientific and unscientific, empirical and theoretical, etc. Delusion must be distinguished from falsehood.
In modern philosophy, most clearly distinguish the following concepts of truth: correspondence (correspondence), coherence and pragmatism konventsializma, Thomism, etc.
Truth – the knowledge, relevant to his subject, coinciding with it. Truth is objective in its content and subjective form. Truth is a process, not a one-time act of cognition of the object in its entirety.
To characterize the objective truth as a process applicable category of absolute and relative.
